Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
The article analyzes the state policy of regulating labor migration during the second half of the 18th to the first half of the 19th centuries. Changes in the settlement and development strategy of the Volga-Caspian fishing region are demonstrated through examples of population groups such as noble landowners, peasants, merchant-fishermen, and industrial workers. The achievements and shortcomings of state-regulated labor migration during the examined period are identified. The article also assesses the normative framework that governed the processes of labor migration in the region, outlines the historical stages of settlement and development in the area, and documents the outcomes and consequences of this process for the future socio-economic development of the Volga-Caspian fishing region. Labor migration is viewed as a tool for the settlement and development of the peripheral territories of the Russian state.
Furthermore, various forms of migration were employed by the government during the study period, including noble, monastic, peasant, Cossack, and voluntary migrations. Based on an examination of the collected material, the authors conclude that migration types successfully implemented in other (agricultural) regions of the country, such as noble, peasant, and monastic migrations, were not as productive in the context of the Volga-Caspian fishing region, where the primary economic activity revolved around fishing. The most effective workers for the fishing industry were supplied by the so-called “voluntary migration.”
Given that the subject of the study is the state policy of regulating labor migration, the primary sources encompass legislative and normative documents from the second half of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th centuries, as well as materials from central and regional administrative structures preserved in the archives of the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region. A portion of these materials is being introduced into academic discourse for the first time.
References
Belousov, S. S. (2020). Formirovanie organov upravlenija i administrativno-territorial'nogo ustrojstva pereselencheskoj derevni na kalmyckih zemljah Astrahanskoj gubernii (vtoraja polovina XIX v.). Bylye gody, 56(2), 632–639. (In Russian).
Dolgikh, A. N. (2009). About the program of Paul I in the sphere of the peasant question. Bulletin of Moscow Region State University. Series: History and Political Sciences., 3, 22–27. (In Russian).
Instruktsiya mezhevshchikam. № 10237. (1754). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XIV. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
Instruktsiya Mezhevym Gubernskim Kantselyariyam i Provintsial'nym Kontoram. № 12659. (1766). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XVII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
Instruktsiya zemlemeram k general'nomu vsey Imperii zemel' razmezhevaniyu. № 12570. (1766). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XVII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
Istoriya Astrakhanskogo kraya. (2000). Izdatel'stvo Astrakhanskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. (In Russian).
Kitanina, T. M. (2018). K voprosu ob agrarnom zakonodatel'stve Pavla I v 1796-1801 godakh. Severo-Zapad v agrarnoy istorii Rossii, 24, 63–82. (In Russian).
Komandzhaev, A. N. (2012). Russko-ukrainskaya pereselencheskaya derevnya Kalmykii v kontse XIX – nachale XX v. Caspian Region: Politics, Economy, Culture, 2, 25–28. (In Russian).
Kuz'mina, I. V. (2011). Gosudarstvennoe regulirovanie pereseleniy v Nizhnee Povolzh'e vo vtoroy polovine XIX – nachale XX v. Caspian Region: Politics, Economy, Culture, 2, 33–38. (In Russian).
Kuz'mina, I. V. (2017). To the Question of the Role of Migration Processes in the Development Capitalist Relations in Astrakhan Province in the Middle of the 19th Century. Caspian Region: Politics, Economy, Culture, 3, 228–233. (In Russian).
Kuznecov-Lipeckij, n. V. (2022). Landowners Colonization in the Caspian Region at the End of 18th Century in the context of Russian State Social Policy. Caspian Region: Politics, Economy, Culture, 2, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.54398/1818510X_2022_2_15 (In Russian).
Manifest o general'nom razmezhevanii zemel' po vsey Imperii. № 12474. (1765). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XVII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O dostavlenii vedomostey v Senat o zhelayushchikh selit'sya v Kavkazskom namestnichestve i ob otsylke v onoe otstavnykh ot voinskoy sluzhby nizhnikh chinov. № 16210. (1785). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O dozvolenii inostrantsam selit'sya po gorodam i seleniyam Kavkazskoy gubernii i otpravlyat' besprepyatstvenno torgi, promysly i remesla svoi. № 16226. (1785). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O napolnenii kazennym krest'yanam, ne imeyushchim ukaznoy proportsii zemli po 15 desyatin na dushu, i o predostavlenii im vo vladenie mel'nits, postroennykh ikh izhdiveniem. № 18256. (1797). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXIV. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O nedozvolenii prinimat' pol'skikh vykhodtsev k poseleniyu na zemlyakh Voyska Donskogo. № 16211. (1785). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O neprodavanii v Astrakhanskoy Gubernii porozzhikh zemel' pri ust'yakh reki Volgi, daby pokupshchiki ne sdelali na onykh zakolov i drugikh prepyatstviy k khodu ryby. № 13876. (1772). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XIX. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O pereselenii nogayskikh narodov na Ural'skuyu step'. № 15830. (1783). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXI. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O poselenii krest'yan na zemlyakh Azovskoy i Novorossiyskoy guberniy. № 15177. (1781). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXI. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O pravilakh ostavleniya kazennykh zemel' za vladel'tsami. № 14826. (1778). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XX. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O pravilakh pereseleniya krest'yan, zhivushchikh v Astrakhani. № 20525. (1802). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXVII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O pravilakh razdachi v poludennykh Guberniyakh zemel' pod poselenie krest'yan. № 21052. (1803). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXVII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O pravilakh vzyskaniya podatey s kazennykh porozzhikh zemel', rozdannykh dlya zaseleniya vladel'tsam v Saratovskoy, Astrakhanskoy i Kavkazskoy guberniyakh. № 20979. (1803). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXVII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O pravilakh, kotorye dolzhny byt' nablyudaemy pomeshchikami pri perevode krest'yan svoikh iz odnoy gubernii v druguyu i iz odnogo uezda v drugoy. № 15549. (1782). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXI. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O prichislenii v kazennoe vedomstvo pomeshchich'ikh krest'yan, zashedshikh v Astrakhanskuyu guberniyu, s zachetom pomeshchikam za rekrut. № 19979. (1801). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXVI. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O prichislenii vsekh do nyne okazavshikhsya zashedshimi v Astrakhanskuyu guberniyu pomeshchich'ikh i kazennogo vedomstva krest'yan, a ravno i perevedennykh imi iz prezhnikh ikh seleniy tuda s zhenami i det'mi ikh v kazennye poselyane Astrakhanskoy gubernii. № 20702. (1803). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXVII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O prigotovlenii dokumentov i planov na zemli po sluchayu imeyushchego byt' general'nogo mezhevaniya. № 9948. (1752). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XIII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O prodazhe kazennykh zasek i zemel', ne byvshikh v dokhodakh. № 12595. (1766). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XVII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O razdache zhelayushchim pod poselenie zemel', sostavlyayushchikh obshirnuyu step', prostirayushchuyusya po linii Mozdokskoy. № 15619. (1782). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXI. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O raznykh postanovleniyakh kasatel'no torgovli. № 11630. (1762). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XVI. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O razsmatrivanii krepostey, istrebovannykh ot vladel'tsev na obshchie s kazennymi krest'yanami dachi, v Uezdnykh Sudakh i o predpisanii Kazennym Palatam, chtoby oni uravnivali kazennykh krest'yan zemlyami i otvodili onye kazhdomu seleniyu po sposobnosti. № 19462. (1800). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXVI. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O sostavlenii Kavkazskogo namestnichestva iz dvukh oblastey: Kavkazskoy i Astrakhanskoy. № 16193. (1785). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O tom, chto vody morskie, dazhe pri mestakh deystvitel'no zaselennykh, nikogda i nigde chastnomu vladeniyu ne prinadlezhat, i ob obrashchenii rybnykh lovel' v Astrakhanskoy gubernii v prezhnee upotreblenie. № 20388. (1802). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXVII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O ustroystve Kavkazskoy gubernii i oblasti Astrakhanskoy. № 16194. (1785). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O vedenii Kazennym Palatam vsekh kazennykh sborov. № 15140. (1781). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXI. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O vodvorenii v Kavkazskom krae pereselyayushchikhsya iz vnutrennikh guberniy kazennykh poselyan. № 22367. (1806). In Sobranie pervoe: T. XXIX. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O vozvrashchenii v prezhnee vedomstvo zhiteley slobody Chernogridinskoy Enotaevskogo uezda, samovol'no poselivshikhsya na zemlyakh Astrakhanskogo kazach'ego polka. № 25838. (1815). In Sobranie pervoe: T. XXXIII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
O zaselenii prigranichnykh po Tereku zemel' Volgskim voyskom; o soedinenii vsekh pod raznymi nazvaniyami sostoyashchikh nebol'shikh voysk v odin korpus i o imenovanii ego Astrakhanskim kazach'im voyskom. № 14464. (1776). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XX. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
Ob Astrakhanskom rybnom i tyulen'em promyslakh. № 20851. (1803). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXVII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
Ob ostanovlenii razdachi kazennykh zemel' v tekh guberniyakh, v kotorykh onaya dlya naseleniya byla dozvolena. № 17228. (1794). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXIII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
Ob ostavlenii prodazhi kazennykh zasek i vsyakikh porozzhikh zemel'. № 14801. (1778). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XX. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
Ob ostavlenii razdachi kazennykh zemel' v Saratovskoy gubernii. № 17989. (1797). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXIV. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
Ob otdache vod i rybnykh lovel' v Astrakhanskoy gubernii na otkup po prezhnemu i ob ostavlenii na meste, vpred' do ukaza, izlishne okazavshikhsya v onoy gubernii, protivu posledney revizii, raznogo zvaniya lyudey. № 9125. (1745). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
Ob uchrezhdenii Senatskoy Mezhevoy Ekspeditsii i o prochikh postanovleniyakh dlya privedeniya k okonchaniyu razmezhevaniya vsekh zemel' v Gosudarstve. № 12488. (1765). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XVII. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
Ob udovol'stvovanii krest'yan kazennogo vedomstva polozhennoyu proportsieyu zemel', predpochtitel'no pred temi litsami, koim onaya Vsemilostiveyshe pozhalovana. № 20033. (1801). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe: T. XXVI. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
Priroda i istoriya Astrakhanskogo kraya. (1996). Astrakhanskiy pedagogicheskiy institut. (In Russian).
Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA). (1797a). F. 1374. In. 1. C. 243. (In Russian).
Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA). (1797b). F. 1374. In. 1. C. 390. (In Russian).
Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA). (1806-1808). F. 1284. In. 195. C. 12. (In Russian).
Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA). (1825-1832). F. 379. In. 1 C. 649. (In Russian).
Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA). (1873-1899). F. 1291. In. 37. Р. 1873. C. 297b. (In Russian).
Ruzhitskaya, I. V. (2015). Zakonodatel'naya deyatel'nost' v tsarstvovanie imperatora Nikolaya I. Institut Rossiyskoy istorii RAN. (In Russian).
State Archive of Astrakhan Oblast (SAAO). (1776). F. 394. In. 1. Vol. 2. C. 3781. (In Russian).
State Archive of Astrakhan Oblast (SAAO). (1799). F. 194. In. 1. C. 1162. (In Russian).
State Archive of Astrakhan Oblast (SAAO). (1800). F. 406. In. 1. C. 4. (In Russian).
State Archive of Astrakhan Oblast (SAAO). (1801). Ф 1. In. 10. C. 427. (In Russian).
State Archive of Astrakhan Oblast (SAAO). (1803). F. 687. In. 2. C. 397. (In Russian).
State Archive of Astrakhan Oblast (SAAO). (n. d.-a). F. 1. In. 10. C. 1688. (In Russian).
State Archive of Astrakhan Oblast (SAAO). (n. d.-b). F. 394. In. 1. Vol. 2. C. 3787. (In Russian).
State Archive of Astrakhan Oblast (SAAO). (n. d.-c). F. 687. In. 2. Binder 346. C. 1429. (In Russian).
Toropitsyn, I. V. (2001). V.N. Tatishchev i sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossii pervoy poloviny XVIII veka. Izdatel'stvo «Astrakhanskiy pedagogicheskiy universitet». (In Russian).
Vinogradov, S. V., Turitsyn, I. V., Eshchenko, Yu. G., & Savel'eva, E. V. (2021). Meaning of Labor Migration in the Developing of the Outlying Territories of the Russian Empire in 1861−1914 (on the Example of the Volga-Caspian Fishing Region). Bylye gody, 16(2), 750–759. https://doi.org/10.13187/bg.2021.2.750 (In Russian).
Vinogradov, S., Eshchenko, Yu., Savel'eva, E., & Likholet, O. (2022). Problemy osvoeniya okrainnykh rossiyskikh territoriy v XVIII v.: Poisk strategii (na primere Volgo-Kaspiyskogo rybolovnogo rayona). Bylye gody, 17(4). (In Russian).
Voronova, A. A. (2014). Motivatsiya pereselencheskikh dvizheniy v Nizhnee Povolzh'e v XIX – nachale KhKh v. Perekrestki istorii. Aktual'nye problemy istoricheskoy nauki: Materialy X nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, 64–68. (In Russian).
Vysochayshe utverzhdennyy Ustav Kaspiyskikh rybnykh i tyulen'ikh promyslov. № 42136. (1865). In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie vtoroe: T. XL. Otdelenie vtoroe. 1830-1885. Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennogo Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. (In Russian).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.