The Emergence of Secondary Professional Education in Kazan Educational District in the course of the Russian Empire Modernization
pdf (Русский)

Keywords

History of Education Russian Empire Modernization Kazan Educational District Volga Region Secondary Professional Education Commercial School Industrial School Agricultural School River School

How to Cite

1. Magsumov T. The Emergence of Secondary Professional Education in Kazan Educational District in the course of the Russian Empire Modernization // Journal of Frontier Studies. 2023. № 4 (8). C. 230-276.

Abstract

The conditions of modernization at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in the Russian Empire gave rise to an “educational revolution,” which, among other outcomes, led to the rapid development of professional education. In an article drawing on data from the Kazan educational district, the author posits that the emergence of secondary professional schools wasn’t driven merely by economic imperatives. Rather, it was molded by the rising educational demands of the populace, policies of social segmentation, and a strengthened collaboration between state and public sectors in the domain of education.

The first professional schools appeared in the provinces of the district in the mid-19th century, aligning with the onset of the peasant reform and the region’s agrarian specialization. The period spanning the late 1870s to the 1880s witnessed the state laying the groundwork for a structured professional education system, a move colored by the prevailing politics of social segmentation. As the 19th century waned and the 20th dawned, mounting requirements for economic expansion – rooted in a more inclusive societal stratum, evolving liberal economic policies, and the recognition of education as pivotal to progress – enhanced social mobility. This progression reached its zenith with the bolstering of state-public partnerships in education and a marked surge in the number of professional schools. Viewing the state as a beacon of progress, a portion of public schools transitioned to state governance. Concurrent with the rise of educational institutions bearing mixed ownership, this highlighted the burgeoning ambitions of the bourgeoisie to shape policy. The educational overhauls, coupled with a broadening educational footprint, redefined the social milieu, accentuating elite hegemony and recalibrating class and cultural inequities. The educational system’s institutional path mirrored the dynamics of social segmentation, progressively bridging the gap between secondary vocational and classic general education.

This article caters to scholars delving into domestic education, as well as the social, cultural history, and the modernization narratives of the waning imperial epoch.

https://doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i4.506
pdf (Русский)

References

Aminov, T. M. (2014). System of Professional Education in Regions of Pre-Revolutionary Russia (through the Example of Bashkiria). Voprosy Obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, 3, 244–263. https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2014-3-244-262 (In Russian).

Anopov, I. A. (1891). Po voprosu ob otkrytii promyshlennykh uchilishch: Otchet o komandirovke v 1890 g. Tipografiya V.S. Balashesheva. (In Russian).

Arsen'ev, K. K., & Petrushevskiy, F. F. (1890-1907). Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' (Vol. 1–86). Tipo-Litografiya I.A. Efrona. (In Russian).

Astrakhanskiy gubernskiy statisticheskiy komitet. (1915). Vsya Astrakhan' i ves' Astrakhanskiy kray: Pamyatnaya knizhka Astrakhanskoy gubernii na 1915 god. Pervaya gubernskaya tipografiya. (In Russian).

Barbashev, N. I. (1959). K istorii morekhodnogo obrazovaniya v Rossii. Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR. (In Russian).

Bardin, I. P. (1968). Vospominaniya. Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR. (In Russian).

Batyshev, S. Ya. (Ed.). (1981). Ocherki istorii professional'no-tekhnicheskogo obrazovaniya v SSSR. Pedagogika. (In Russian).

Beletskiy, I. (1889). Kratkiy istoricheskiy ocherk dvadtsatipyatiletiya Kazanskogo zemledel'cheskogo uchilishcha vedomstva Ministerstva gosudarstvennykh imushchestv. Tipografiya Imperatorskogo universiteta. (In Russian).

Bowles, S., & Gintis, H. (1976). Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life. Basic Books, Inc.

Cherepanov, M. V. (1904). Rechnye uchilishcha. Tipografiya A. A. Rodionova. (In Russian).

Cherkasov, A. A., Bratanovsky, S. N., Ponomareva, M. A., & Zimovets, L. G. (2021). The System of Popular Education in Denmark in the 19th and Early 20th centuries: Some Specific Aspects. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 10(2), 509–516. https://doi.org/10.13187/ejced.2021.2.509

Cherkasov, A. A., Bratanovsky, S. N., Zimovets, L. G., & Koroleva, L. A. (2021). The System of Public Education in Volyn Governorate in the Period 1796-1917. Part 1. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 10(3), 790–798. https://doi.org/10.13187/ejced.2021.3.790

Chevakinskiy, A. I. (1909). Kommercheskaya geografiya Rossii: Sravnitel'noe obozrenie s glavneyshimi gosudarstvami mira: Kurs kommercheskikh i real'nykh uchilishch. Tipografiya Yu. N. Erlikh. (In Russian).

Chevakinskiy, A. I. (1914). Geografiya Rossii: Kurs srednikh uchebnykh zavedeniy (2nd ed.). Tipografiya Yu. N. Erlikh (vladelets A. E. Kollins). (In Russian).

Chubar'yan, A. O. (2011-2018). Vsemirnaya istoriya (Vol. 1–6). Nauka. (In Russian).

Danilevskiy, I. N. (Ed.). (2016). Reformy v Rossii s drevneyshikh vremen do kontsa XX v. (Vol. 1–4). ROSSPEN. (In Russian).

Deane, Ph. (1979). The first industrial revolution (2nd ed.). Cambridge University press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511622090

Dneprov, E. C. (2011). Rossiyskoe obrazovanie v XIX – nachale XX veka (Vol. 1–2). Marios. (In Russian).

Eroshenko, A. V., & Trofimova, L. N. (2020). Formation of Engineering Education in Russia After Revolution of 1917–1945 Year. Russian Journal of Education and Psychology, 11(5), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2020-5-57-66 (In Russian).

Fisher, M. I. (1909). K voprosu o novoy organizatsii kommercheskogo obrazovaniya i o zhelatel'nykh izmeneniyakh v zakonopolozheniyakh o kommercheskikh uchebnykh zavedeniyakh Ministerstva torgovli i promyshlennosti. Tipografiya V. C. Smirnova. (In Russian).

Gerasimidi, E. I. (2011). Rol' kupechestva v razvitii obrazovaniya v Astrakhani v XIX v. Kaspiyskiy region: politika, ekonomika, kul'tura, 1(26), 17–21. (In Russian).

Glavnoe upravlenie zemleustroystva i zemledeliya. (1912). Obzor deyatel'nosti Glavnogo upravleniya zemleustroystva i zemledeliya za 1911 god. Tipografiya «Sel'skogo Vestnika». (In Russian).

Glavnoe upravlenie zemleustroystva i zemledeliya. Departament zemledeliya. (1912-1915). Kratkie statisticheskie svedeniya po podvedomstvennym Departamentu zemledeliya sel'skokhozyaystvennym uchebnym zavedeniyam (Vyp. 2-4). Tipografiya V.F. Kirshbauma. (In Russian).

Gosudarstvennaya kantselyariya. (1905-1907). Sbornik uzakoneniy ob uchebnykh zavedeniyakh, ne sostoyashchikh v vedomstve Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya (Vyp. I-II). Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya. (In Russian).

Grosul, V. Ya. (Ed.). (2000). Russkiy konservatizm XIX stoletiya: Ideologiya i praktika. Progress-traditsiya. (In Russian).

Gruzov, N. G. (1897). Rech' direktora Kazanskogo promyshlennogo uchilishcha N.G. Gruzova, proiznesennaya na akte otkrytiya uchilishcha 10 sentyabrya 1897 g. Tipografiya gubernskogo pravleniya. (In Russian).

Gus'kov, G. V. (Ed.). (1967). Rechnye uchilishcha i tekhnikumy. K 50-letiyu Oktyabrya. Gazetno-zhurnal'noe izdatel'stvo Tatarskogo obkoma KPSS. (In Russian).

Ignat'ev, P. N. (2000). Ocherk o russkoy shkole. Pedagogika, 2, 52–59. (In Russian).

Jesien, W. (1917). Secondary agricultural schools in Russia. In Department of the Interior. Bureau of Education (Bulletin. № 4) (pp. 1–22). Government printing office. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.35049

Kazanskaya gorodskaya duma. (1895). Doklad komissii, izbrannoy Kazanskoy Gorodskoy Dumoy dlya obsuzhdeniya voprosa ob uchrezhdenii v g. Kazani kommercheskogo uchilishcha v svyazi s preobrazovaniem real'nogo uchilishcha. 2 marta 1895 g. Tipografiya gubernskogo pravleniya. (In Russian).

Kazanskie gubernskie vedomosti. (1860). (In Russian).

Kazanskie gubernskie vedomosti. (1872). (In Russian).

Kazanskoe kommercheskoe uchilishche. (1906). Godovoy otchet semiklassnogo Kazanskogo kommercheskogo uchilishcha vedomstva Ministerstva torgovli i promyshlennosti za 1905-1906 uchebnyy god. Lito-tipografiya I.N. Kharitonova. (In Russian).

Kazanskoe kommercheskoe uchilishche. (1910). Zayavlenie popechitel'nogo soveta Kazanskogo kommercheskogo uchilishcha v Kazanskuyu gorodskuyu dumu. Tipo-litografiya Okruzhnogo shtaba. (In Russian).

Kazanskoe kommercheskoe uchilishche. (1916). Desyatiletie Kazanskogo kommercheskogo uchilishcha. 1905-1915. Kazanskoe kommercheskoe uchilishche. (In Russian).

Kazanskoe promyshlennoe uchilishche. (1907). Kratkie svedeniya o Kazanskom promyshlennom uchilishche i usloviya priema. Tipo-litografiya Imperatorskogo Universiteta. (In Russian).

Kazanskoe rechnoe uchilishche. (1905). Otchet po uchebno-vospitatel'noy i material'noy chasti Kazanskogo rechnogo uchilishcha za 1904-1905 uchebnyy god. Kazanskoe rechnoe uchilishche. (In Russian).

Kazanskoe rechnoe uchilishche. (1915). Ocherk desyatiletney deyatel'nosti Kazanskogo rechnogo uchilishcha 1-go razryada. Volzhsko-Kamskaya pechatnya. (In Russian).

Kazanskoe srednee sel'skokhozyaystvennoe uchilishche. (1913). Svedeniya o Kazanskom srednem sel'skokhozyaystvennom uchilishche i pravila dlya postupleniya v nego. Elektricheskaya tipografiya. (In Russian).

Khayrullin, R. B., & Chernyak, E. V. (2007). Torgovo-ekonomicheskoe obrazovanie v Kazani: Istoriya i sovremennost'. Izdatel'stvo Kazanskogo universiteta. (In Russian).

Kind, V. A. (1916). Puti i formy rasprostraneniya professional'nykh znaniy. Tipografiya zhelezno-dorozhnogo izdatel'stva. (In Russian).

Kniga, M. C. (2018). Stanovlenie i razvitie sistemy sel'skokhozyaystvennogo prosveshcheniya v guberniyakh Evropeyskoy Rossii (90-e gody XIX v. – 1917 g.) [Doctoral Thesis]. Voronezhskiy gosudarstvennyy pedagogicheskiy universitet. (In Russian).

Kosarev, S. (Ed.). (1911). Vyatskoe srednee sel'skokhozyaystvenno-tekhnicheskoe uchilishche imeni imperatora Aleksandra II i nizshaya pri nem remeslennaya shkola: Kratkiy istoricheskiy ocherk za 1 desyatiletie. 1901-1911 gg. Tipo-litografiya M.M. Shklyaevoy, byvshaya Maisheeva, Kuklina i Krasovskogo. (In Russian).

Koshman, L. V. (2008). Gorod i gorodskaya zhizn' v Rossii XIX stoletiya: Sotsial'nye i kul'turnye aspekty. ROSSPEN. (In Russian).

Kuz'min, N. N. (1971). Nizshee i srednee spetsial'noe obrazovanie v dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii. Yuzhno-Ural'skoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo. (In Russian).

Kuz'min, N. N. (1972). Nizshee i srednee spetsial'noe obrazovanie v Rossii [Doctoral Thesis]. Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy pedagogicheskiy institut im. V. I. Lenina. (In Russian).

Lieven, D. (2006). Cambridge History of Russia: Vol. II: Imperial Russia, 1689–1917. Cambridge University press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521815291

Maksimov, E. K., & Totfalushin, V. P. (2007). Saratovskoe Povolzh'e v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny. Nauchnaya kniga. (In Russian).

Maksin, I. M. (1909). Ocherk razvitiya promyshlennogo obrazovaniya v Rossii 1888-1908. Izdanie otdela promyshlennykh uchilishch ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya, tipografiya Sankt-Peterburgskoy odinochnoy tyur'my. (In Russian).

Martynov, P. L. (1898). Gorod Simbirsk za 250 let ego sushchestvovaniya: Sistematicheskiy sbornik istoricheskikh svedeniy o g. Simbirske. Simbirskaya gubernskaya uchenaya arkhivnaya komissiya. (In Russian).

Milyukov, P. N. (1896-1904). Ocherki po istorii russkoy kul'tury (Ch. 1-3). Redaktsiya zhurnala «Mir bozhiy» (Tipografiya I.N. Skorokhodova). (In Russian).

Ministerstvo finansov. Departament torgovli i manufaktur. (1896). Fabrichno-zavodskaya promyshlennost' i torgovlya Rossii: S prilozheniem obshchey karty fabrichno-zavodskoy promyshlennosti Rossiyskoy Imperii (2nd ed.). Tipografiya I. A. Efrona. (In Russian).

Ministerstvo finansov. Uchebnyy otdel. (1901-1906). Materialy po kommercheskomu obrazovaniyu (Vyp. I-V). Tipografiya i litografiya V.V. Komarova. (In Russian).

Ministerstvo narodnogo prosveshcheniya. Otdel promyshlennykh uchilishch. (1909). Osnovnye polozheniya o promyshlennykh uchilishchakh 7 marta 1888 g. V Srednie tekhnicheskie uchilishcha. Nizshie tekhnicheskie uchilishcha. Izdanie otdela promyshlennykh uchilishch Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya. (In Russian).

Ministerstvo torgovli i promyshlennosti. (1910). Sbornik statisticheskikh svedeniy o sostoyanii srednego i nizshego professional'nogo obrazovaniya v Rossii (Ch. 1-2). Tipografiya A.V. Orlova. (In Russian).

Ministerstvo torgovli i promyshlennosti. (1916). Statisticheskie svedeniya o sostoyanii uchebnykh zavedeniy, podvedomstvennykh uchebnomu otdelu ministerstva torgovli i promyshlennosti. 1913-1914 uchebnyy god. Tipografiya A.V. Orlova. (In Russian).

Ministerstvo zemledeliya i gosudarstvennykh imushchestv. (1898-1916). Sbornik svedeniy po sel'skokhozyaystvennomu obrazovaniyu (Vyp. 1-18). Tipografiya V. Demakova. (In Russian).

Molchanova, V. S., Balanyuk, L. L., Vidishcheva, E. V., & Potapova, I. I. (2019). The Development of Primary Education on the Cossack Territories in 1803–1917 years (on the Example of the Kuban Region). Part 1. Bylye gody, 53(3), 1049–1058. https://doi.org/10.13187/bg.2019.3.1049 (In Russian).

Morachevskiy, V. V. (Ed.). (1914). Agronomicheskaya pomoshch' v Rossii. Departament zemledeliya. (In Russian).

Morev, C. C. (1900). Ocherk kommercheskoy geografii i khozyaystvennoy statistiki Rossii sravnitel'no s drugimi gosudarstvami (6 ed.). Tipografiya M.M. Stasyulevicha. (In Russian).

Nikonov, A. A. (1995). Spiral' mnogovekovoy dramy: Agrarnaya nauka i politika Rossii (XVIII-XX vv.). Entsiklopediya rossiyskikh dereven'. (In Russian).

Plodovskiy, P. I. (ed.). (1912). Samarskoe srednee sel'skokhozyaystvennoe uchilishche i ego khozyaystvo (Ch. 1). Zemskaya tipografiya. (In Russian).

Postnikov, N. N. (ReC.). (1898). Sistematicheskiy sbornik postanovleniy Kazanskoy gorodskoy dumy za 22 goda (s 1871 po 1892 vklyuchitel'no). Kazanskaya gorodskaya uprava. (In Russian).

Ringer, F. (2008). Zakat nemetskikh mandarinov. Akademicheskoe soobshchestvo v Germanii, 1890‑1933. V Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. (In Russian).

Rossiya. Imperator. (1874). Polozhenie o zemlemero-taksatorskikh klassakh 9 aprelya 1860 g. In Sbornik zakonov mezhevykh (pp. 393–402). Izdanie N. A. Dement'eva. (In Russian).

Rossiya. Imperator. (1899). Polozhenie o kommercheskikh uchebnykh zavedeniyakh 15 aprelya 1896 g. In Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie 3-e: T. XVI (pp. 281–288). Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya. (In Russian).

Rossiya. Imperator. (1904). Polozhenie o rechnykh uchilishchakh vedomstva putey soobshcheniya; Shtaty rechnykh uchilishch Vedomstva putey soobshcheniya 10 iyunya 1902 g. In Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie 3-e: T. 22. Kniga 1 (pp. 607–610). Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya. (In Russian).

Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA). (1902-1916). F. 95. In. 14. C. 272. (In Russian).

Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA). (1904). F. 231. In. 1. C. 2185. (In Russian).

Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA). (1906-1911). F. 231. In. 2. C. 225. (In Russian).

Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA). (1909). F. 95. In. 14. C. 429. (In Russian).

Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA). (1911-1913). F. 25. In. 5. C. 124. (In Russian).

Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA). (1911). F. 231. In. 1. C. 2692. (In Russian).

Russkoe slovo. (1907, oktyabr' 16). (In Russian).

Samarskiy Vestnik. (1910, yanvar' 5). (In Russian).

Sarantsev, I. P. (2007). Ocherki istorii professional'nogo obrazovaniya Simbirskogo-Ul'yanovskogo kraya (Ch. 1-2). OOO «Region-Invest». (In Russian).

Saratovskoe kommercheskoe uchilishche. (1901). Otchet Saratovskogo kommercheskogo uchilishcha za 1900-1901 uchebnyy god. Parovaya tipo-litografiya G. Kh. Shel'gorn i K°. (In Russian).

Saratovskoe promyshlennoe uchilishche. (1903). Saratovskoe promyshlennoe uchilishche (soedinennoe srednee mekhaniko- i khimiko-tekhnicheskoe). 1899-1903. Tipo-litografiya P. S. Feokritova. (In Russian).

Semenov, V. P. (Ed.). (1899-1914). Rossiya: Polnoe geograficheskoe opisanie nashego otechestva (Vol. 1–19). Izdanie A.F. Devriena. (In Russian).

Shalagin, B. A., & Nikitin, V. M. (1973). 100 let na vakhte. 1872-1972. Volgo-Vyatskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo. (In Russian).

Shchegolev, P. E. (ReC.). (1926). Padenie tsarskogo rezhima: Stenograficheskie otchety doprosov i pokazaniy, dannykh v 1917 g. V Chrezvychaynoy sledstvennoy komissii Vremennogo Pravitel'stva (Vol. 1-7). Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo. (In Russian).

Shepelev, L. E. (1981). Tsarizm i burzhuaziya vo vtoroy polovine XIX veka: Problemy torgovo-promyshlennoy politiki. Nauka, Leningradskoe otdelenie. (In Russian).

State Archive of Kirov Oblast (SAKO). (1901). F. 219. In. 1. C. 25. (In Russian).

State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan (SART). (1904). F. 120. In. 1. C. 1. (In Russian).

State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan (SART). (1906). F. 121. In. 1. C. 459 а. (In Russian).

State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan (SART). (1908). F. 312. In. 1. C. 1. (In Russian).

State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan (SART). (1910-1912). F. 312. In. 1. C. 10. (In Russian).

State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan (SART). (1911). F. 121. In. 1. C. 607. (In Russian).

State Archive of the Saratov Region (SASR). (1911-1917). F. 254. In. 1. C. 249. (In Russian).

State Archive of the Saratov Region (SASR). (1915). F. 252. In. 1. C. 79. (In Russian).

State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region (SAUR). (1860). F. 128. In. 2. C. 27. (In Russian).

State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region (SAUR). (1900). F. 46. In. 2. C. 60. (In Russian).

State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region (SAUR). (1908-1909). F. 46. In. 2. C. 410. (In Russian).

State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region (SAUR). (1909). F. 46. In. 2. C. 447. (In Russian).

Taneev, V. V. (1915). Kazanskoe sel'skokhozyaystvennoe uchilishche. Tipografiya V.F. Kirshbauma (otdelenie). (In Russian).

Tomas, G. (2016). Obrazovanie: Ochen' kratkoe vvedenie. Izdatel'skiy dom Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki. (In Russian).

Treshchev, A. M., & Alfërova, G. V. (2011). Stanovlenie sistemy obrazovaniya v Astrakhanskoy gubernii (XVIII-nachalo XX v.). Astrakhanskiy universitet. (In Russian).

Tsentral'nyy statatisticheskiy komitet Ministerstva vnutrennikh del. (1905-1918). Statisticheskiy ezhegodnik Rossii = Annuaire statistique de la Russie. Tipografiya knyazya V. P. Meshcherskogo. (In Russian).

Tsirul'nikov, A. M. (1992). Iz taynykh arkhivov russkoy shkoly. Pedagogika-press. (In Russian).

Velikopol'skiy, A. A. (1909). Zapiski pedagoga. Obshchestvennaya pol'za. (In Russian).

Vestnik Vremennogo pravitel'stva. (1917, May 31). (In Russian).

Vinogradov, V. V. (1912). Torgovo-morekhodnoe obrazovanie v Rossii. Tipografiya V. Kirshbauma (otd.). (In Russian).

Vitte, S. Yu. (1960). Vospominaniya (Vol. 1–3). Sotsekgiz. (In Russian).

Vnutrennee obozrenie. Preobrazovanie zemledel'cheskikh uchilishch. (1878). Vestnik Evropy, 4(8), 727‑737. (In Russian).

Vnutrennee obozrenie. Rech' g. Ministra finansov v zasedanii komissii po uporyadocheniyu khlebnoy torgovli. (1899). Vestnik Evropy, 2, 786–792. (In Russian).

Volkov, M. F. (2015). Istoriya uchrezhdeniya Saratovskogo universiteta i Saratovskaya gorodskaya duma. 1 dekabrya 1906 g. – 6 dekabrya 1909 g.: Vospominaniya i zametki. Novyy veter. (In Russian).

Volzhskiy listok. (1904). (In Russian).

Vyatich. (1901). Sel'skokhozyaystvennoe uchilishche v Vyatke. Mir bozhiy, 11, 24–26. (In Russian).

Vyatskaya gubernskoe zemstvo. (1913). Sbornik postanovleniy Vyatskogo gubernskogo zemstva za 21 god: Sessii 26-45 (1892-1913 gg.): Narodnoe obrazovanie. Tipografiya i khromolitografiya Shklyaevoy. (In Russian).

Vyatskaya rech'. (1910). (In Russian).

West, E. (1975). Education and the industrial revolution. Batsford.

Zavolzh'e. (1914). (In Russian).

Zharova, E. Yu. (2021). Professors of Life Sciences Departments of the Universities of Russian Empire in the 1850s – 1860s and the “Second Importation” of Science. Modern Studies of Social Issues, 13(4), 53–77. https://doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-13-4-53-77 (In Russian).

Zheleznov, V. Ya., & Kovalevskiy, M. M. (ReC.). (1910-1948). Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' tovarishchestva «Brat'ev A. i I. Granat i K°» (Vol. 1–58). Tovarishchestvo «Brat'ya A. i I. Granat i K°». (In Russian).

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.